New Insights into Mast Cells as Protective Gatekeepers in Brain Immunity
New research reveals that mast cells act as protective gatekeepers at the brain's fluid exchange points, defending against bacterial and viral infections while regulating waste removal.
Recent research from Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis has shed light on a fascinating role of mast cells, traditionally known for their involvement in allergic reactions. These immune cells, filled with histamine, are now revealed to act as critical defenders of the brain's protective barriers. In a groundbreaking study published in the journal Cell, scientists discovered that mast cells are strategically positioned at the brain's tiny gates—structures that regulate the flow of cerebrospinal fluid and waste. When bacterial or viral pathogens are detected, these cells respond swiftly by releasing histamine, causing nearby veins to dilate and temporarily close these gates. This mechanism effectively prevents harmful microbes from invading the brain tissue.
The study involved infection models with bacteria such as Streptococcus agalactiae and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which can cause meningitis. Findings showed that activated mast cells not only inflate veins to block bacterial entry but also summon other immune cells like neutrophils to combat infection at the site. Mice lacking mast cells exhibited increased bacterial invasion into the brain, emphasizing their protective role. Interestingly, the team also observed that mast cells respond to viral threats, such as West Nile virus, reducing viral load in the brain. However, prolonged activation could potentially hinder waste removal or contribute to neurodegenerative conditions like Alzheimer’s disease. Therefore, understanding the precise regulation of mast cell activity could inform new strategies to bolster brain defenses while mitigating adverse effects, opening promising avenues for preventing brain infections and maintaining neural health.
This research underscores the complex role of immune cells in neuroprotection and highlights potential targets for therapies against infectious and neurodegenerative diseases.
source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-07-mouse-uncovers-mast-cells-role.html
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