Examining Ethnic Disparities in Weight Loss and the Role of Socioeconomic Factors

A recent study led by York University has revealed significant differences in weight loss outcomes among various ethnic and sub-ethnic groups participating in medically supervised weight management programs. Analyzing data from nearly 15,000 individuals across Southern Ontario, the research highlights that broad ethnic categories often used in clinical settings may obscure important variations within subgroups. Notably, white participants experienced the greatest weight loss, while Black, South Asian, Latin, and Middle Eastern groups showed comparatively less success. Indigenous and East Asian populations did not differ significantly from whites.

Lead researcher Professor Jennifer Kuk emphasizes that these findings point to the necessity of considering socioeconomic issues that may influence weight loss effectiveness, especially in marginalized communities such as Black, Middle Eastern, Latin, and South Asian populations. The study also uncovered nuanced differences within sub-ethnic categories; for instance, African Americans and Blacks of direct African descent had varied weight loss results.

Despite losing less weight overall, Black and other non-white participants were more frequently prescribed older obesity medications. The study noted no significant prescription rate differences for newer drugs like Ozempic, although it was conducted before Wegovy became available. A limitation of the research is the lack of data on whether patients filled or adhered to medication prescriptions.

Kuk and her colleagues point out that systemic issues such as income disparities and limited access to newer, often expensive, medications tend to disproportionately affect ethnic minorities. The financial barriers to accessing these treatments contribute to ongoing health inequities.

Obesity, which affects about 30% of Canadian adults and is linked to various health conditions—including diabetes, hypertension, high cholesterol, certain cancers, joint pain, liver diseases, and impacts on immune and respiratory systems—is influenced by complex social determinants. The stigma surrounding obesity often shifts blame onto individuals, ignoring the larger structural and socioeconomic factors that elevate risk and limit treatment options.

Addressing these disparities requires a broader understanding of social and economic barriers. Effective policies and tailored interventions that consider the unique challenges faced by different ethnic communities are essential for reducing inequalities in obesity management and improving health outcomes.

For more detailed insights, the full study is published in Clinical Obesity, authored by Jennifer Linchee Kuk and colleagues, with supplementary information available through York University.