Understanding the Causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex developmental condition that influences how individuals communicate, learn, and interact socially. It is important to understand that autism is not a disease but a spectrum of conditions with a wide range of symptoms and severity. Some individuals may experience delays in language, social skills, or emotional development, while others may have intellectual disabilities or be nonverbal. Most people with autism, however, exhibit milder effects, allowing for diverse experiences and abilities.

Over the past few decades, autism diagnoses have increased significantly. This rise is largely attributed to broadened diagnostic criteria and improved screening processes, which now recognize a wider array of traits. Additionally, greater awareness among parents and educators has led to more children being diagnosed and receiving educational support. While in the past only the most severe cases were identified, current estimates suggest that approximately 1 in 31 children are affected by ASD.

The scientific community agrees that genetics play a fundamental role in autism. Numerous genes are involved, some inherited from parents without noticeable symptoms, and others resulting from mutations during brain development. These genetic factors influence how the fetal brain forms and functions. Environmental factors also appear to interact with genetic predispositions, potentially increasing risk. Such factors include paternal age, preterm birth, maternal health issues during pregnancy like infections or diabetes.

Contrary to some misconceptions, vaccines, including the measles-mumps-rubella (MMR) vaccine, have been extensively studied and found not to cause autism. Additionally, there is ongoing research examining other potential influences, such as the use of acetaminophen (Tylenol) during pregnancy. Some studies suggest possible links, but evidence remains inconclusive, and health experts emphasize that untreated fever during pregnancy poses greater risks, including miscarriage and preterm birth.

Overall, autism research continues to evolve. While a definitive cause remains elusive, the prevailing understanding highlights a combination of genetic and environmental factors shaping brain development. Ongoing studies aim to uncover more details that could lead to improved diagnosis, prevention, and support strategies for individuals on the autism spectrum.

Source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-09-autism.html