Understanding Differences Between Food Allergies and Intolerances

If you've experienced adverse reactions to certain foods or ongoing digestive discomfort, you might wonder whether you have a food allergy, intolerance, or sensitivity. Although these terms are often used interchangeably, they have distinct differences that are important to understand for proper diagnosis and management.

Food Allergy
A food allergy involves an immune system response where the body mistakenly identifies a protein in a food as a threat. This triggers the production of Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies, which signal the release of histamine and other chemicals. Symptoms can appear within minutes to a couple of hours after eating and may include hives, swelling, vomiting, diarrhea, and difficulty breathing. In severe cases, allergic reactions can escalate to anaphylaxis, a life-threatening emergency.

Diagnosing food allergies typically involves a detailed patient history, skin-prick tests, and blood tests for specific IgE antibodies. Treatment requires strict avoidance of the allergen, carrying emergency medication like epinephrine, and being prepared for accidental exposures. Recent advances include oral immunotherapy and FDA-approved medications to help desensitize some individuals.

Food Intolerance
Food intolerance, unlike allergies, does not involve the immune system. It occurs when the digestive system cannot properly break down certain foods, leading to symptoms like gas, bloating, diarrhea, and stomach pain—usually within a few hours of consumption. Common intolerances include lactose intolerance, due to low lactase enzyme levels, and fructose intolerance, which hampers the absorption of fructose.

Diagnosis often involves breath tests measuring hydrogen or methane levels after consuming suspected foods. Managing intolerances generally involves dietary modifications, such as limiting problematic foods or using enzyme supplements, without the need for complete avoidance.

Food Sensitivity
The term "food sensitivity" is not medically recognized. It is mainly self-reported and lacks standardized testing. Symptoms associated with sensitivities can include gastrointestinal issues, fatigue, joint pain, or skin rashes, but scientific evidence supporting these links is limited.

If you suspect food-related symptoms, consulting healthcare professionals is crucial. They can help determine the underlying cause through appropriate testing and guide suitable treatment plans, avoiding unnecessary dietary restrictions or delays in diagnosis.

For more detailed information, visit source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-09-food-allergy-intolerance.html.