Winter Respiratory Viruses 2025: Tracking COVID, Flu, and RSV and How to Stay Protected

As winter settles in, health systems are experiencing increased strain from a surge in respiratory illnesses caused by common viruses such as COVID-19, influenza (flu), and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Many individuals are experiencing symptoms like sore throat, runny nose, cough, and sometimes fever—indications of these widespread infections.

Recent reports highlight that hospitals in Queensland have paused elective surgeries due to overwhelmed facilities filled with COVID and flu cases, and numerous aged care homes across Australia are grappling with COVID outbreaks. But what is the current status of these viruses, and how can individuals protect themselves?

COVID-19

Although COVID case numbers were about half of last year's figures until May, the figures have begun rising again in June, with 32,348 notifications compared to 45,634 in June 2024. It is important to note that testing rates have decreased, so actual cases may be underreported. The latest surveillance indicates Australia is emerging from a winter wave driven by the NB.1.8.1 subvariant, known as "Nimbus." This Omicron offshoot can cause severe sore throats and gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea and diarrhea.

While some infections remain mild or asymptomatic, the disease can be severe, especially for older adults or those with underlying health issues. Nearly 138 aged care residents have died from COVID since June. Current vaccines targeting the JN.1 subvariant—descendants of Nimbus—continue to offer protection against current circulating variants.

Booster doses are widely available, with recommended intervals every six months for those aged 75 and above, and annually for most others. Vaccination, along with antiviral treatments, can significantly reduce the risks of severe illness and long COVID. People at higher risk are encouraged to stay up to date with their vaccines and seek prompt treatment if they test positive.

Influenza (Flu)

The 2025 flu season has been notably severe, with case numbers from January to May exceeding those of the previous year by about 30%. Although recent data suggest a decline, peak activity may still be upcoming. Flu symptoms tend to be more intense than a common cold—featuring high fever, chills, muscle aches, fatigue, sore throat, and congestion. Most people recover within a week, but vulnerable groups such as the elderly, pregnant women, and young children face higher risks of complications.

Annual flu vaccination is recommended, especially for high-risk groups. Many states, including Queensland and Western Australia, provide free vaccines for children, pregnant women, and seniors, while others may have the option to pay for immunization.

RSV (Respiratory Syncytial Virus)

RSV has become more prominent lately, with last year seeing record-high case numbers in Australia. Though cases in 2025 initially appeared lower, they caught up by June, with over 27,000 cases recorded in June. RSV often causes mild, cold-like symptoms but can lead to serious illnesses such as bronchiolitis and pneumonia, especially in infants, older adults, and individuals with chronic health conditions.

Preventive measures include a newly available free vaccine for pregnant women, which offers protection to infants for up to six months. Additionally, monoclonal antibody injections are available for at-risk children and adults over 75, although these treatments are costly and not subsidized. The vaccines provide protection lasting at least three years.

The Common Cold

Despite the focus on COVID, flu, and RSV, the common cold remains the most prevalent respiratory illness, caused by over 200 different viruses—including rhinoviruses and some coronaviruses. Symptoms typically include a runny nose, sore throat, cough, sneezing, headache, tiredness, and mild fever. Children often catch 6-8 colds annually, while adults average 2-4.

Developing a universal vaccine for the common cold remains a challenge due to the virus diversity and mutation rates. Meanwhile, preventive measures such as practicing good hygiene, wearing masks if vulnerable, and testing at home with rapid antigen tests can help contain spread.

Protect Yourself this Winter

Standard precautions—proper hygiene, cough etiquette, wearing masks, staying home when unwell, and testing—are effective in reducing transmission of these airborne viruses. Staying updated with vaccinations and timely treatments further decrease the risk of severe illness.

By taking these steps, individuals can help mitigate the impact of winter respiratory viruses and stay healthier through the season.