Potential Link Between Untreated Sleep Apnea and Vascular Dementia Risk

Recent research utilizing UK electronic health records indicates that untreated obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may significantly increase the risk of developing vascular dementia. The comprehensive study analyzed data from 2.3 million individuals over a 12-year period, focusing on 193,000 patients diagnosed with OSA. Results revealed that these patients faced a 12% higher chance of developing overall dementia, with a notable 29% increased risk specifically for vascular dementia. Interestingly, the risk for Alzheimer's disease remained unaffected by sleep apnea.

Crucially, patients undergoing treatment with Continuous Positive Airway Pressure (CPAP), which assists in maintaining steady breathing during sleep, did not exhibit an elevated dementia risk compared to the general population. Additionally, female patients with sleep apnea did not demonstrate a heightened risk, suggesting gender differences in disease development.

Dr. Jingwa Wang of the University of Birmingham emphasized that untreated sleep apnea could contribute to cognitive decline, particularly vascular dementia, likely due to episodes of hypoxia—periods when oxygen levels are low in the body. The study employed the DExTER tool to analyze health records and compare outcomes between patients with and without OSA, highlighting the importance of managing sleep disorders.

Senior author Dr. Shamil Haroon highlighted the clinical implications, noting that conditions like sleep apnea may escalate the risk of dementia through mechanisms like hypoxia. He underscores the need for clinicians to recognize these risks and consider early interventions.

This research underscores the importance of diagnosing and properly managing sleep apnea to potentially reduce the associated risk of vascular cognitive deterioration.

Source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-05-untreated-apnea-factor-vascular-dementia.html