'Traffic controller' protein that protects DNA discovered, and it may help kill cancer cells

Mayo Clinic researchers have identified a novel protein that functions as a cellular traffic controller for DNA, preventing damage during the critical process of cell division. This significant discovery, published in Nature, highlights the role of the protein KCTD10 in safeguarding DNA during replication, where the cell copies its genetic material before division. Proper DNA replication is essential for healthy cell function, and errors can lead to mutations or cancer.

During cell division, DNA undergoes replication and transcription—two key processes that share the same DNA strand. These processes can collide, causing DNA damage, but researchers have long wondered how cells manage these potential conflicts. The study shows that KCTD10 acts as a sensor for upcoming conflicts and activates an enzyme called CUL3 through a process called ubiquitination. This activation prompts the transcription machinery to move aside, allowing the replication process to continue smoothly without damaging the DNA.

KCTD10’s function as a coordinator of these processes also influences the organization of the genome itself, ensuring the integrity of genetic information.

Beyond its fundamental biological role, the study explores the potential of KCTD10 in cancer therapy. Its absence leads to genomic instability, mutations, and tumor formation. Interestingly, cancer cells that lack KCTD10 may become vulnerable to targeted treatments, providing a promising therapeutic window. Researchers aim to identify the specific cancer types with deficiencies in this protein and develop targeted therapies accordingly.

This research is part of Mayo Clinic’s Precure initiative, which seeks to develop tools for early intervention and disease prevention by understanding cellular processes in detail. The discovery of KCTD10’s role in DNA protection and conflict resolution opens new pathways in cancer research and personalized medicine, emphasizing the importance of cellular regulation in maintaining health and combating disease.