Significant Variations in Complementary and Alternative Medicine Use Across European Countries

A recent study conducted by researchers at the University of Helsinki has revealed notable differences in the usage of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) across European nations, with little overall change during the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite initial expectations that the pandemic might lead to increased reliance on self-care practices, the data shows only a marginal rise from 27% in 2014 to 28% in 2023.

The research highlights striking disparities between countries. For instance, Lithuania ranks at the top, with nearly 44% of its population reporting CAM use in 2023, up from 34% in 2014. Conversely, Hungary has one of the lowest rates, around 12%. Notably, several countries, including France, Belgium, the Netherlands, and Poland, experienced growth in CAM utilization. In contrast, Germany saw a decline from 40% to 35%, and Finland's rate decreased from 36% to 28%.

The study also explored specific types of CAM. It found that traditional Asian medical systems remained steady in their use, while the popularity of alternative medical systems like homeopathy decreased. Meanwhile, manual therapies and mind–body approaches saw modest increases.

Cultural, political, and healthcare system differences largely influence these patterns. Increased scrutiny of practices like homeopathy and other alternative systems in countries such as France and Germany may explain their declining use, according to lead researcher Laura Kemppainen. Additionally, about 8% of CAM users rely exclusively on these practices without consulting healthcare professionals, potentially risking delays in diagnosis and treatment.

Demographic factors are also relevant. Data indicates that CAM users tend to be women, middle-aged, and well-educated, underscoring the importance of understanding health behaviors within populations. The findings update previous analyses and provide a comprehensive overview of evolving health practices in Europe over the last decade, emphasizing the complex interplay of cultural and systemic factors in health choices.

The study was published in the Journal of Public Health (2025) and highlights the dynamic landscape of self-care and wellness practices in Europe, underscoring the importance of continued monitoring to inform public health strategies.