New Online Screening Tool Assesses Risk of Energy Deficiency in Young Active Women

Research at Penn State has introduced a practical, free, online questionnaire designed to identify the risk of energy deficiency among young, active women and female athletes. Energy deficiency occurs when women engaged in physical activity do not consume enough calories to meet their body's needs, potentially leading to health complications such as impaired reproductive function, weakened bones, and diminished athletic performance.

Traditionally, measuring energy deficiency required invasive laboratory tests or blood samples, which can be time-consuming and inaccessible. To address this, researchers developed the Female Energy Deficiency Questionnaire (FED-Q), a succinct online assessment that can be used by health professionals, coaches, athletes, and anyone interested in evaluating their own risk. The questionnaire is based on extensive data collected over two decades from 202 women, examining factors like BMI, menstrual history, eating behaviors, body image, and self-imposed dietary restrictions.

Central to the assessment is the measurement of serum total triiodothyronine (T3), a hormone indicative of metabolic rate, which decreases when the body is in energy deficit. The FED-Q uses data correlating with T3 levels to predict energy deficiency with about 82% accuracy. It involves answering nine multiple-choice questions after providing basic measurements like height, weight, and menstrual cycle history—processes that take only a few minutes.

Lead researcher Ana Carla Salamunes emphasizes that while the FED-Q cannot diagnose energy deficiency, it offers a quick, accessible screening tool to prompt further medical evaluation if needed. If a woman is identified as at risk, she should consult healthcare providers such as dietitians, physicians, or psychologists, especially since energy deficiency can be linked to body image issues and other underlying concerns. Properly addressing energy deficiency is crucial not only for athletic performance but for maintaining overall health and preventing long-term health problems.

This innovative tool marks a significant step forward in proactive health monitoring for female athletes and active women, supporting early intervention and healthier lifestyles.