Expert Analysis on Noise-Canceling Headphones: Benefits and Potential Risks to Ear Health

Recent headlines in the United Kingdom have sparked discussions about whether noise-canceling headphones could be contributing to rising rates of auditory processing disorders (APD) and hearing issues among younger populations. While some speculate that extensive use of such devices might impair the brain’s ability to process sound, current data do not support this claim, according to audiologists. This media attention, however, has increased awareness about APD, a condition where the brain struggles to interpret sound accurately, especially in noisy environments. APD is treatable and often overlooked, but the focus on headphones brings to light their advantages and limitations.

Cory Portnuff, AuD, Ph.D., an assistant clinical professor at the University of Colorado School of Medicine, emphasizes that the primary concern should be the sound level delivered to the ear. "Active noise-canceling headphones can reduce the need to turn up volume, potentially safeguarding hearing, provided users remain aware of their surroundings."

How do noise-canceling headphones work? There are two main types: active and passive. Active noise cancellation creates an inverse sound wave to eliminate consistent background noise in real time, making it highly effective against steady sounds like airplane engine hums. Passive noise isolation relies on physical barriers—such as ear seals or earplugs—to block out external sounds.

The technology excels in environments with constant noise but faces challenges with variable noises like speech or traffic. Advanced headphones, especially higher-end models, are improving in canceling unpredictable sounds, but their efficiency can still vary. Importantly, noise-canceling headphones are not reliable for noise-induced hearing protection. They might help lower overall listening volume but should not replace dedicated hearing protection devices for loud environments.

Regarding auditory processing disorders, these are neurological conditions affecting how the brain interprets sound. Symptoms include difficulty understanding speech in noisy settings or pulling out particular sounds from background noise. Most APD cases are congenital, but they can also arise from brain injuries or aging. Individuals with neurodivergent conditions, such as autism spectrum disorder, are more prone to APD.

Recent theories from the UK linked extensive use of noise-canceling headphones to the development of APD. However, experts note that there is no scientific evidence supporting this connection. The idea is that inadequate exposure to complex auditory environments may impede auditory skill development, but current clinical and epidemiological data do not corroborate these claims.

Testing for APD typically involves standard hearing assessments and specialized tests that evaluate higher-level auditory functions, such as distinguishing sounds in different ears or managing rapid speech. Treatment options include auditory training programs—similar to physical therapy for ears—and assistive devices like hearing aids or remote microphones. These interventions effectively improve auditory processing abilities.

In summary, while noise-canceling headphones offer significant benefits for reducing background noise and improving listening comfort, they are not proven to be harmful or a cause of auditory processing disorders. Proper use and awareness of sound levels are essential to protect ear health. Increased awareness of APD is beneficial, but current evidence does not support the notion that noise-canceling headphones are detrimental to auditory development or health.

Source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-07-audio-expert-noise-cancelling-headphones.html