New Insights Into Snakebite Envenomation and Antivenom Effectiveness

A recent study conducted by the University of Queensland has raised important questions about the effectiveness of current antivenoms used in treating Eastern Brown Snake bites. The research, led by Professor Bryan Fry, focused on the blood-clotting properties of venom from different populations of this snake species across Australia. Using thromboelastography, a technique that assesses how blood coagulates, the team discovered significant variations in venom effects based on geographical origin.

Venom from southern populations of Eastern Brown Snakes tends to produce strong, stable blood clots resembling those caused by taipans, which can be life-saving or deadly depending on the context. In contrast, venom from northern populations, as well as all other brown snake species, tends to trigger fragile, rapidly forming blood clots that can easily break apart, increasing the risk of severe bleeding complications.

These findings suggest that the current antivenom, which is produced using a mixture of venoms without considering geographic differences, may not be equally effective against all populations of the snake. The study emphasized that clinical reports often combine bites from various populations, potentially masking differences in clinical outcomes related to venom variability.

To address this, the researchers plan to analyze hospital data more precisely according to geographic origin and perform further testing on both human and veterinary antivenoms. Their goal is to move toward a more targeted, precision approach to snakebite treatment, matching the right antivenom to the specific snake species and even the regional variations within a species.

Additionally, the team is sequencing venom genes to understand the genetic differences that underlie venom variability. These insights will also shed light on how diet influences venom evolution, with southern populations preying more on reptiles versus mammals in the north. Overall, the study highlights the need for tailored antivenom strategies and a better understanding of venom diversity to improve snakebite treatment outcomes.

This research was published in the journal Toxins and underscores the importance of considering geographic and evolutionary factors in snakebite management.