Hypothalamic Neurons Regulate Daily Blood Sugar Levels, New Research Finds

Recent studies have revealed that specific neurons in the hypothalamus are crucial for the daily regulation of blood glucose levels, extending our understanding beyond their known role in emergency responses. Traditionally, the brain's control over blood sugar has focused on its response during stress or fasting, such as glucose release during low blood sugar episodes. However, researchers from the University of Michigan, publishing their findings in "Molecular Metabolism," have identified a specialized group of neurons in the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)—particularly those expressing the cholecystokinin b receptor (Cckbr)—that play a vital role in maintaining blood sugar during normal routines.

In their experiments involving mouse models with inactivated VMH Cckbr neurons, the researchers observed that these neurons are integral in controlling blood glucose during routine activities, including the early hours of fasting after sleep. Notably, during the initial four hours of sleep, these neurons ensure adequate glucose levels to prevent hypoglycemia by directing the body to burn fat, producing glycerol that serves as a substrate for blood sugar production.

This process, called lipolysis, is increased when VMH Cckbr neurons are active, leading to higher glycerol levels. Interestingly, increased lipolysis during sleep is also observed in prediabetic individuals, suggesting overactivation of these neurons might contribute to elevated blood sugar in such states. The findings suggest that, rather than an on-off switch, glucose regulation involves delicate interactions among various neuronal populations functioning collaboratively, especially under normal conditions.

The research team is now exploring how different neurons within the ventromedial nucleus coordinate to regulate metabolism during fasting, feeding, and stress. They are particularly interested in understanding how these brain mechanisms influence the liver and pancreas in maintaining glucose balance. This new insight into neural regulation of blood sugar enhances our understanding of metabolic health and could inform new approaches to managing conditions like diabetes.

Source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-08-hypothalamic-neurons-responsible-day-blood.html