Global Strategy Developed by Experts to Combat Anemia

A collaborative effort led by Duke-NUS Medical School has resulted in a comprehensive, evidence-based blueprint to address anemia—a widespread health condition affecting nearly two billion individuals globally. This initiative involves an international team of specialists who analyzed data, identified key gaps, and proposed targeted, cost-effective strategies to reduce anemia prevalence. Published in The Lancet Haematology, the study emphasizes the importance of customizing interventions based on each country's unique health challenges and resource capacity.

Anemia occurs when the body does not produce enough healthy red blood cells to transport oxygen effectively. Iron deficiency remains the primary cause, but nutrient shortages, chronic illnesses, and infections like malaria and hookworm are also significant contributors depending on regional conditions. Despite its extensive impact on maternal health, child survival, and economic development, anemia often does not receive adequate attention in global health discussions.

The 2015 United Nations target aimed to halve anemia among women of reproductive age by 2030. However, many nations remain far from this goal, primarily because recommended interventions—such as fortifying staple foods, providing iron supplements, and implementing malaria prevention—are often unavailable, too costly, or underutilized in low- and middle-income countries.

Robin Blythe, Assistant Professor at Duke-NUS and lead economic modeler of the study, highlights the importance of tailored approaches, stating, "A one-size-fits-all solution does not work. Each country faces distinct challenges, from poverty to infectious diseases, which must be considered in setting realistic and effective targets." The study's analysis suggests that current global health efforts may not be sufficient to meet the SDG goal of a 50% reduction in anemia prevalence.

Focusing on Singapore, the research indicates the potential for a 25% reduction in anemia among women of reproductive age—an attainable goal given the nation's robust health infrastructure, high antenatal care coverage, and capacity for food fortification. Most cases in Singapore are mild, and strategic interventions such as iron-fortified foods and improved supplementation could significantly lower anemia rates.

Conversely, countries like Indonesia are projected to achieve only about a 9% reduction due to financial and health system constraints, while Malaysia might reach up to 28%. These disparities underscore the necessity for country-specific health policies and realistic objectives based on local data and resources.

The authors advocate for improved data collection systems to monitor anemia causes accurately, which would enable more precise and effective program planning. Blythe emphasizes that setting achievable goals can prevent discouragement and foster sustained efforts.

The study team is working to present their findings to the World Health Organization with the hope that future health targets will incorporate this tailored, evidence-based methodology. By aligning investments, policies, and interventions with each country's unique needs, meaningful progress can be made toward reducing anemia and improving global health outcomes.