Genetic Insights Reveal How Infant Formula Pathogen Persist Globally

Researchers from the University of Maryland's Department of Nutrition and Food Science have uncovered new genetic factors that explain how the pathogen Cronobacter sakazakii manages to persist in dried and powdered foods around the world. Their comprehensive study, published in the International Journal of Food Microbiology, provides valuable insights into the bacteria's ability to adapt to various environments within the global food supply chain.

The team analyzed 748 whole genome sequences of C. sakazakii collected from food, clinical samples, and environmental sources across North America, Europe, and Asia. They employed groundbreaking AI techniques, including a Large Language Model, to standardize inconsistent data related to the origins and characteristics of each strain, enabling large-scale comparison and analysis.

Their findings suggest that certain accessory genes—those not essential for survival but advantageous in specific conditions—are linked to the bacteria's ability to survive in dry, processed foods like powdered infant formula. Notably, strains associated with powdered foods showed larger genomes and a higher presence of genes involved in DNA repair, recombination, and desiccation resistance, all of which may enhance survival in dry environments. Additionally, the study found that some strains harbor genes related to increased virulence and resistance to environmental stresses such as heavy metals.

The research also demonstrated correlations between geographic regions and specific genetic traits, such as biofilm formation and metal resistance. These adaptations could be key to the bacteria’s persistence across diverse environments, including hospitals, food manufacturing facilities, and dried food products.

Understanding this genetic diversity helps in identifying targets for improved sanitation protocols and safer food processing methods. Moreover, the innovative use of AI in analyzing genomic and epidemiological data paves the way for faster, more accurate pathogen surveillance systems worldwide.

This study underscores the importance of international cooperation in tracking and controlling foodborne pathogens. With global trade intensifying, monitoring genetic markers of virulence and resistance remains crucial for protecting public health.

For more detailed information, see the full study: Mairui Gao et al, Genomic diversity of Cronobacter sakazakii across the food system to consumers at the global scale, International Journal of Food Microbiology (2025).