Exploring Antibody Therapy as a Potential Defense Against Bird Flu

Researchers are actively investigating antibody-based treatments to combat the avian influenza H5N1, commonly known as bird flu. Although the risk of humans contracting and dying from H5N1 remains relatively low, the threat persists due to the virus's capacity to mutate and potentially spread more efficiently among animals and humans. Recent studies have demonstrated promising results in animal models, especially monkeys, where administering a specific neutralizing antibody significantly reduced disease severity and prevented death.

A team comprising scientists from the University of Pittsburgh and the NIH Vaccine Research Center published their findings in the journal Science. Their research focused on prophylactic administration of a neutralizing antibody called MEDI8852, developed by AstraZeneca, prior to exposure to the virus. The antibody targets the conserved stalk region of the hemagglutinin protein on the influenza virus, a part less prone to mutation, thus offering broader protection.

Douglas Reed, an immunologist at Pitt and a co-author of the study, explained that unlike traditional vaccines, which stimulate the body's own immune response, antibody therapy provides immediate defense by directly binding to and neutralizing virus particles. The study revealed that in monkeys treated with MEDI8852 before infection, the progression of disease was minimized, and survival rates increased. Serum levels of protective antibodies remained stable for up to 12 weeks, indicating potential for short-term prophylactic use in high-risk scenarios.

Despite these encouraging results, Reed emphasized that more research is necessary before such treatments can be applied to humans. Notably, the same antibody has already undergone clinical trials for seasonal influenza and has shown to be safe. Because the targeted region of the virus is highly conserved among different influenza strains, this approach might someday lead to a universal influenza prophylactic, supplementing existing vaccines and treatments.

The threat of a bird flu pandemic remains a serious concern among experts. Since 2024, there have been increasing reports of H5N1 infections in humans and widespread infections among wild and domestic birds across the United States. The CDC has confirmed human cases, including fatalities, and highlights the need for effective preventative measures.

Given the potential severity of H5N1 if it gains efficient human-to-human transmission, continued research into antibody therapies represents a crucial step toward preparedness. While more studies are necessary to confirm efficacy and safety in humans, this innovative approach could become an important part of future influenza pandemic strategies.

Source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-05-antibody-therapy-explored-combat-bird.html