Epigenetic Markers and Tumor Aggressiveness in Pediatric Burkitt Lymphoma

Research focusing on the most common tumors in developing countries has historically lagged behind studies on similar cancers prevalent in Western nations, resulting in higher mortality rates among affected populations. One notable example is Burkitt lymphoma, a highly prevalent pediatric tumor in regions such as Equatorial Africa, parts of the Pacific, and South America. In these endemic areas, the disease is strongly associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection. Conversely, in other parts of the world, it appears sporadically, often in individuals with weakened immune systems, such as those living with HIV.

To deepen understanding of Burkitt lymphoma’s biological characteristics and clinical behavior, a collaborative study led by Dr. Manel Esteller of the Josep Carreras Leukemia Research Institute and Dr. Ryan Morin from Canada's BC Cancer analyzed the epigenetic profiles of more than 200 tumor samples collected across four continents, including both pediatric and adult cases. The team focused on DNA methylation patterns, unveiling that these tumors can be classified into two distinct epitypes: HypoBL and HyperBL.

HypoBL tumors demonstrate fewer epigenetic abnormalities and resemble healthy B lymphocytes more closely, often correlating with a more favorable clinical outcome. In contrast, HyperBL tumors exhibit extensive DNA methylation—hypermethylation—that silences numerous genes, especially those involved in tumor suppression. These cases also tend to have a higher EBV load, which may facilitate the epigenetic changes leading to cellular transformation. Cells within HyperBL tumors show notable differences from healthy B cells and exhibit signs of advanced malignancy.

Clinically, patients with HyperBL tumors generally experience earlier relapse and shorter survival chances compared to those with HypoBL. Recognizing these epigenetic differences at diagnosis can be crucial in tailoring treatment strategies. While patients with HypoBL might continue with standard chemotherapy protocols, more aggressive HyperBL cases could benefit from innovative therapies, including targeted drugs or immunotherapy, potentially improving outcomes.

This groundbreaking research, published in Blood Cancer Discovery, highlights the importance of epigenetic profiling in understanding tumor behavior. Such insights could pave the way for more precise, personalized treatment approaches for Burkitt lymphoma and potentially other pediatric tumors. Further studies are ongoing to explore targeted interventions based on these epigenetic categories.

Source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-05-epigenetics-aggressiveness-burkitt-lymphoma-common.html