Emerging Evidence Shows Bilingualism Can Support Language Development in Rett Syndrome

Rett syndrome is a rare neurological disorder predominantly affecting girls, characterized by disrupted physical and cognitive development. Historically, it was believed that individuals with Rett syndrome, who often lose speech skills early in childhood, had limited capacity for linguistic and cognitive growth. However, recent research challenges this notion, revealing that some individuals with the preserved speech variant of Rett syndrome can understand and produce multiple languages.

In Wales, where bilingualism—speaking both English and Welsh—is common, a case study highlighted that exposure to two languages can actually foster linguistic development in those with Rett syndrome. The study focused on a teenage girl with the preserved speech variant who had been exposed to both languages from birth. Using a combination of parental questionnaires, standardized tests, and vocabulary diaries over three years, researchers tracked her language understanding and production.

Results showed that she was capable of understanding and using words in both languages, with her vocabulary expanding over time. This finding challenges previous assumptions that Rett syndrome’s cognitive and linguistic limitations restrict bilingual development. It underscores the potential for supporting multilingualism in individuals with Rett syndrome, which can enrich their communication and cultural identity.

Rett syndrome is caused by a spontaneous mutation in the MECP2 gene on the X chromosome, leading to initial typical development followed by regression around 18 months. Despite the diversity of symptoms—including motor difficulties, seizures, scoliosis, and breathing issues—research increasingly recognizes that individuals with Rett syndrome exhibit a broad spectrum of cognitive abilities.

Traditionally, communication strategies for Rett syndrome relied on methods like body language, communication boards, and high-tech devices, often guided by research on monolingual individuals. With emerging evidence of cognitive diversity, including bilingualism potential, future guidance can include supporting multilingual environments.

This growing understanding emphasizes that language and communication are fundamental to identity and social connection. Supporting bilingual development in Rett syndrome may unlock additional avenues for engagement and self-expression, ultimately helping individuals reach their full potential.