Impact of Obstructive Sleep Apnea on Memory and Brain Health

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a sleep disorder commonly linked to cardiovascular and metabolic issues, is increasingly recognized for its effects on cognitive functions, particularly memory. Recent research published in althy Sleep Medicine Reviewsa0 highlights how OSA contributes to significant memory impairments, affecting both visual and verbal working memory.

Studies involving humans and animal models demonstrate that the intermittent hypoxia (IH) and sleep fragmentation (SF) characteristic of OSA initiate biological processes that undermine brain health. These processes include neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, neuronal injury, disrupted synaptic plasticity, and blood-brain barrier dysfunction, all of which can lead to cognitive decline.

The severity and duration of OSA are closely associated with the extent of memory impairment, with indicators like the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) serving as markers of the disease's impact on cognitive function. Although continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy is currently the most effective treatment for safeguarding cognitive health, researchers emphasize that there is a need for additional therapeutic approaches. Developing precise diagnostic tools that detect early brain changes through imaging, EEG, and blood biomarkers could improve early intervention and prevent further cognitive deterioration.

This research was conducted by experts from Marshall University and Shanghai Jiao Tong University. Notably, some of the work involved collaboration, including a research scholar program that contributed to the development of this comprehensive review.

Looking ahead, scientists suggest exploring factors such as gut microbiota, genetics, and epigenetic changes that may influence OSA-related memory decline. They advocate for multidimensional clinical profiling to create personalized treatment strategies aimed at mitigating cognitive risks associated with OSA.

For more details, see the full review by Xiaoman Zhang et al., published in althy Sleep Medicine Reviewsa0 (2025). source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-05-obstructive-apnea-affects-memory-brain.html