How Brain Rhythms Support Intelligence Through Neural Synchrony

Recent research from Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz illuminates how neural oscillations in the brain, particularly in the midfrontal region, underpin cognitive abilities like reasoning and focus. When the brain faces mental challenges, certain neural signals—specifically theta waves oscillating between four and eight hertz—begin to synchronize in a flexible manner, similar to a well-coordinated orchestra. This synchronization is dynamically adjustable, responding to varying cognitive demands, and closely correlates with intelligence levels.

The study involved 148 participants aged 18 to 60 who underwent tests for memory and intelligence, followed by EEG recordings to measure brain activity during tasks requiring cognitive control. These tasks involved quickly switching between different rules, such as determining whether a number is even or greater than five, which demands rapid mental adjustments. Findings revealed that individuals with higher cognitive capacities exhibited stronger synchronization of theta waves during critical decision-making moments, showcasing their brains' ability to sustain concentration amid distractions, like a buzzing phone.

Professor Anna-Lena Schubert explains that this neural coordination reflects the brain’s capacity to adapt its timing flexibly to context—akin to a conductor leading an orchestra. The research underscores that the dynamic behavior of brain networks, especially in the midfrontal region, is a key indicator of cognitive ability, emphasizing the importance of network-level analysis over isolated brain regions. These insights lay the groundwork for future development of brain-based training tools and diagnostics targeting cognitive enhancement.

A follow-up study aims to include participants aged 40 and older to further explore biological and cognitive factors that support effective brain coordination, with potential implications for understanding and improving cognitive functions across the lifespan.

Source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-06-sync-brain-rhythms-intelligence.html