Blood Levels of ADAM10 Protein Associate with Early Alzheimer's Disease and Genetic Risks

Recent research conducted by scientists at the Federal University of São Carlos (UFSCar) in São Paulo, Brazil, highlights the potential of blood-based biomarkers for the early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The team is developing a panel of blood tests aimed at identifying early signs of AD and distinguishing it from other forms of dementia. They analyzed the genetic profiles of 500 volunteers, both with and without cognitive decline, to find reliable biomarkers.

One significant discovery published in the journal Neurobiology of Aging revealed a rare genetic mutation linked to Alzheimer’s that also correlates with elevated levels of the enzyme ADAM10 in blood. Among 85 individuals with cognitive impairments and genetic alterations, high levels of the ADAM10 protein were observed. This enzyme plays a crucial role in cleaving beta-amyloid precursor protein, preventing the formation of amyloid plaques that are characteristic of Alzheimer's pathology.

Dr. Márcia Regina Cominetti from the LABEN-UFSCar explained that ADAM10 has been a longstanding candidate biomarker for Alzheimer’s. Advances in ultrasensitive detection methods now enable measurement of this protein in blood plasma at very low concentrations. The study also found that variations in the APOE E4 allele can influence ADAM10 levels, leading to a decrease in the active form of the enzyme, thus reducing its ability to prevent plaque formation.

Alzheimer's disease is a leading cause of dementia affecting over 35.6 million people worldwide. Its diagnosis remains a challenge, as early detection can significantly delay disease progression. Currently, identifying beta-amyloid plaques and tau proteins in the brain provides accurate diagnosis, but differentiating between types of dementia is still difficult. Developing blood tests based on biomarkers like ADAM10 could enable broader screening and earlier intervention.

The research team at UFSCar is also working on a sensor that utilizes blood ADAM10 levels to differentiate healthy individuals from those with Alzheimer's. Their ongoing validation study involves 500 volunteers, aiming to establish ADAM10 as a prognostic marker for the disease. Such advancements could be crucial for future therapeutic strategies, especially if disease-modifying treatments become available.

Moreover, the researchers have compiled a comprehensive, genetically diverse database reflecting Brazil's unique genetic makeup. This database includes various environmental and socioeconomic risk factors, enhancing the understanding of Alzheimer’s in different populations. According to Dr. Cominetti, this effort is vital for developing tailored diagnostic tools and understanding regional variations in Alzheimer’s risk factors.

In summary, measuring ADAM10 levels in blood holds promise as a non-invasive, early indicator of Alzheimer’s risk, especially in individuals with genetic predispositions. Continued research may lead to more accurate, accessible screening methods, potentially transforming early diagnosis and management of Alzheimer's disease.

Source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-07-adam10-protein-blood-linked-early.html