Understanding Testicular Cancer: Symptoms, Risks, and Importance of Early Detection

Testicular cancer, though relatively rare, is the most common cancer affecting young men aged 15 to 35. Approximately one in every 250 men will develop this form of cancer during their lifetime, and the incidence appears to be rising. The encouraging news is that testicular cancer is highly treatable, especially when diagnosed early.

According to Dr. Peter Reisz, a urologic oncologist at Rush MD Anderson Cancer Center, the success of modern treatments makes early detection crucial. Detecting symptoms early can significantly improve the chances of successful treatment and recovery.

Testicular cancer predominantly affects germ cells, which are responsible for sperm production. Over 90% of cases are germ cell tumors. Sometimes, tumors develop in the hormone-producing tissues of the testes known as stromal tumors, especially in children.

The most common early sign of testicular cancer is the presence of a firm lump or swelling on one of the testes. Additional symptoms may include sensations of heaviness, pain, or discomfort in the scrotum. In rare cases, signs like abnormal breast growth or precocious puberty can occur.

Preventive self-exams are vital. Men, especially those in high-risk groups, are encouraged to perform monthly checks for unusual lumps, bumps, or changes in their testes. If anything suspicious is found, immediate consultation with a healthcare professional is advised. Doctors typically use ultrasound imaging and blood tests for tumor markers to diagnose the presence of cancer.

Risk factors for testicular cancer include age (most cases between 20 and 34), genetic predisposition such as a family history, and having an undescended testicle, a condition where the testes do not descend properly into the scrotum before birth. Interestingly, physical trauma and masturbation are not linked to an increased risk.

The prognosis for testicular cancer is excellent, with a five-year survival rate exceeding 95%. Treatment options include surgical removal of the affected testicle, lymph node removal, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy. Fertility preservation through sperm banking is often discussed before treatment begins.

Most patients retain normal sexual function after treatment. If testosterone levels are affected, hormone replacement can be used to address any deficiencies. Emotional support and education are essential, as a diagnosis can be overwhelming.

If diagnosed early, most men can expect full recovery. Regular check-ups, awareness of symptoms, and prompt medical attention are key in managing and treating testicular cancer effectively.

source: https://medicalxpress.com/news/2025-10-testicular-cancer.html